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America Edition Ethics In Reader Second Source Tuna

Tunas (from top):,Kingdom:Phylum:Class:Order:Family:Subfamily:Tribe:ThunniniStarks, 1910Genera.: slender tunas.: frigate tunas.: little tunas.: skipjack tunas.: albacores, true tunasA tuna (also called ) is a saltwater that belongs to the Thunnini, a subgrouping of the (mackerel) family. The Thunnini comprise 15 across five, the sizes of which vary greatly, ranging from the (max. Length: 50 cm (1.6 ft), weight: 1.8 kg (4 lb)) up to the (max. Length: 4.6 m (15 ft), weight: 684 kg (1,508 lb)). The bluefin averages 2 m (6.6 ft), and is believed to live up to 50 years.Tuna, and are the only species of fish that can maintain a body temperature higher than that of the surrounding water.

An active and agile predator, the tuna has a sleek, streamlined body, and is among the fastest-swimming fish – the, for example, is capable of speeds of up to 75 km/h (47 mph). Found in warm seas, it is extensively fished commercially, and is popular as a game fish. As a result of, stocks of some tuna species, such as the, are close to. This article is part of a series onCommercial fish. Contents.EtymologyThe term 'tuna' ultimately derives from Thunnus, the form of the: θύννος,: (thýnnos), 'tunny-fish' – which is in turn derived from θύνω ( thýnō), 'rush, dart along'.However, the immediate source for the word tuna in English is American Spanish. Relative sizes of various tunas, with the (top) at about 8 ft (2.4 m) in this sampleThe 'true' tunas are those that belong to the genus Thunnus. Until recently, it was thought that there were seven Thunnus species, and that and were of a single species.

In 1999, Collette established that based on both molecular and morphological considerations, they are in fact distinct species.The genus Thunnus is further classified into two: Thunnus (the bluefin group), and Thunnus (the yellowfin group). The true tunasImageCommon nameScientific nameMaximumlengthCommonlengthMaximumweightMaximumageSourceThunnus – the bluefin groupT. Alalunga(, 1788)1.4 m(4.6 ft)1.0 m(3.3 ft)60.3 kg(133 lb)9–13 yrs4.31Near threatenedT. Maccoyii(, 1872)2.45 m(8.0 ft)1.6 m(5.2 ft)260 kg(570 lb)20–40 yrs3.93Critically endangeredT. Obesus(Lowe, 1839)2.5 m(8.2 ft)1.8 m(5.9 ft)210 kg(460 lb)5–16 yrs4.49VulnerableT. Orientalis( &, 1844)3.0 m(9.8 ft)2.0 m(6.6 ft)450 kg(990 lb)15–26 yrs4.21VulnerableT.

Thynnus(, )4.6 m(15 ft)2.0 m(6.6 ft)684 kg(1,508 lb)35–50 yrs4.43EndangeredThunnus – the yellowfin groupT. Atlanticus(, 1831)1.1 m(3.6 ft)0.7 m(2.3 ft)22.4 kg(49 lb)4.13Least concern,northern bluefin tuna,tongol tunaT. Tonggol(, 1851)1.45 m(4.8 ft)0.7 m(2.3 ft)35.9 kg(79 lb)18 years4.50Data deficientT. Albacares(, 1788)2.4 m(7.9 ft)1.5 m(4.9 ft)200 kg(440 lb)5–9 yrs4.34Near threatenedOther tuna speciesThe Thunnini tribe also includes seven additional species of tuna across four genera. Thunnus obesus showing finlets and keels. Finlets are found between the last dorsal and/or anal fin and the caudal fin.

The Ethics in America Source Reader, edited by Lisa H. Newton, is a valuable supplement to any course in ethics and philosophy as well as an essential. Pokemon games to play online hacked 1. The second, called log fishing, depends on the attractive power of floating objects for tuna. In Table 1-1, the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) data on the. Source: Richard Deriso, IATTC, La Jolla, CA, unpublished material. Some target levels are determined by ethics alone (e.g., zero mortality).

They are rayless and non-retractable.Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling DescriptionThe tuna is a sleek and streamlined fish, adapted for speed. It has two closely spaced on its back; The first is 'depressible' – it can be laid down, flush, in a groove that runs along its back. Seven to ten yellow run from the dorsal fins to the tail, which is lunate – curved like a crescent moon – and tapered to pointy tips. The, to which the tail is attached, is quite thin, with three stabilizing horizontal on each side. The tuna's dorsal side is generally a metallic dark blue, while the ventral side, or underside, is silvery or whitish, for. PhysiologyThunnus are widely but sparsely distributed throughout the oceans of the world, generally in tropical and temperate waters at ranging between about and of the equator. All tunas are able to maintain the temperature of certain parts of their body above the temperature of ambient seawater.

For example, bluefin can maintain a core body temperature of 25–33 °C (77–91 °F), in water as cold as 6 °C (43 °F). However, unlike 'typical' endothermic creatures such as mammals and birds, tuna do not maintain temperature within a relatively narrow range.Tunas achieve by conserving the heat generated through normal. In all tunas, the heart operates at, as it receives cooled blood, and coronary circulation is directly from the. The ('wonderful net'), the intertwining of veins and arteries in the body's periphery, allows nearly all of the metabolic heat from to be 're-claimed' and transferred to the via a system, thus mitigating the effects of surface cooling. This allows the tuna to elevate the temperatures of the highly- tissues of the skeletal muscles, eyes and brain, which supports faster swimming speeds and reduced energy expenditure, and which enables them to survive in cooler waters over a wider range of ocean environments than those of other fish.Also unlike most fish, which have white flesh, the muscle tissue of tuna ranges from pink to dark red. The red muscles derive their color from, an oxygen-binding molecule, which tuna express in quantities far higher than most other fish.

The oxygen-rich blood further enables energy delivery to their muscles.For powerful swimming animals like and tuna, may be detrimental, because it limits their maximum swimming speed. Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed, because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for a different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage.

Fishing industry. Maximum reported sizes of tuna species Commercial fishingTuna is an important. The (ISSF) compiled a detailed scientific report on the state of global tuna stocks in 2009, which includes regular updates. According to the ISSF, the most important species for commercial and recreational tuna fisheries are yellowfin ( Thunnus albacares), bigeye ( T. Obesus), bluefin ( T.

Orientalis, and T. Macoyii), albacore ( T.

Alalunga), and skipjack ( Katsuwonus pelamis).Based on catches from 2007, the report states:Between 1940 and the mid-1960s, the annual world catch of the five principal market species of tunas rose from about 300 thousand tons to about 1 million tons, most of it taken by hook and line. With the development of nets, now the predominant gear, catches have risen to more than 4 million tons annually during the last few years. Of these catches, about 68 percent are from the Pacific Ocean, 22 percent from the Indian Ocean, and the remaining 10 percent from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Skipjack makes up about 60 percent of the catch, followed by yellowfin (24 percent), bigeye (10 percent), albacore (5 percent), and bluefin the remainder. Purse-seines take about 62 percent of the world production, longline about 14 percent, pole and line about 11 percent, and a variety of other gears the remainder.The Australian government alleged in 2006 that had illegally southern bluefin by taking 12,000 to 20,000 tonnes per year instead of the agreed upon 6,000 tonnes; the value of such overfishing would be as much as US$2 billion. Such overfishing has severely damaged bluefin stocks.

According to the, 'Japan's huge appetite for tuna will take the most sought-after stocks to the brink of commercial unless fisheries agree on more rigid quotas'. Japan's Fisheries Research Agency counters that Australian and New Zealand tuna fishing companies under-report their total catches of southern bluefin tuna and ignore internationally mandated total allowable catch totals.In recent years, opening day fish auctions at Tokyo's and have seen record-setting prices for bluefin tuna, reflecting market demand. In each of 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2019, new record prices have been set for a single fish – the current record is 333.6 million (US$3.1 million) for a 278 kg (613 lb) bluefin, or a unit price of JP¥ 1,200,000/kg (US$5,057/lb). The opening auction price for 2014 plummeted to less than 5% of the previous year's price, which had drawn complaints for climbing 'way out of line'. Tuna cut in half for processing at Tsukuji fish marketFishing methods External video BBC TwoBesides for edible purposes, many tuna species are caught frequently as game, often for recreation or for contests in which money is awarded based on weight. Larger specimens are notorious for putting up a fight while hooked, and have been known to injure people who try to catch them, as well as damage their equipment. technique for trapping and catching called, still used today in Portugal, Spain, Morocco & Italy which uses a maze of nets.

In Sicily, the same method is called. Pole and line.Association with whalingIn 2005, defending its vote from Australian criticism at that year's meeting of the, argued that some species have the potential to devastate Nauru's tuna stocks, and that Nauru's food security and economy relies heavily on fishing. Despite this, Nauru does not permit in its own waters and does not allow other fishing vessels to take or intentionally interact with marine mammals in its Exclusive Economic Zone. In 2010 and 2011 Nauru supported Australian proposals for a western Pacific-wide ban on tuna purse-seining in the vicinity of marine mammals – a measure which was agreed by the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission at its eighth meeting in March 2012.Association with dolphinsswim beside several tuna species. These include yellowfin tuna in the eastern Pacific Ocean, but not. Tuna schools are believed to associate themselves with dolphins for protection against sharks, which are tuna.Commercial fishing vessels used to exploit this association by searching for dolphin pods.

Vessels would encircle the pod with nets to catch the tuna beneath, however the nets were prone to entangling dolphins, injuring or killing them. Public outcry and new government regulations, which are now monitored by have led to more 'dolphin friendly' methods, now generally involving lines rather than nets. However, there are neither universal independent inspection programs nor verification of 'dolphin safeness', so these protections are not absolute. According to, the resulting lack of accountability means claims of tuna that is ' should be given little credence.Fishery practices have changed to be dolphin friendly, which has caused greater including, and other. Fishermen no longer follow dolphins, but concentrate their fisheries around floating objects such as, also known as FADs, which attract large populations of other organisms. Measures taken thus far to satisfy the public demand to protect dolphins can be potentially damaging to other species as well.

AquacultureIncreasing quantities of high-grade tuna are reared in net pens and fed bait fish. In Australia, former fishermen raise, Thunnus maccoyii, and another bluefin species. Farming its close relative, the, Thunnus thynnus, is beginning in the, and Japan. Approved permits for the first U.S. Offshore farming of in water 1,300 feet (400 m) deep in 2009.Japan is the biggest tuna consuming nation and is also the leader in tuna farming research.

Japan first successfully farm-hatched and raised bluefin tuna in 1979. In 2002, it succeeded in completing the reproduction cycle and in 2007, completed a third generation. The farm breed is known as Kindai tuna. Kindai is the contraction of Kinki University in Japanese (Kinki daigaku). In 2009, Clean Seas, an Australian company which has been receiving assistance from Kinki University managed to breed Southern Bluefin Tuna in captivity and was awarded the second place in World's Best Invention of 2009 by Time magazine. As food Fresh and frozenThe fresh or frozen flesh of tuna is widely regarded as a delicacy in most areas where it is shipped, being prepared in a variety of ways for the sake of achieving specific flavors or textures. One way that fresh tuna is served is in.

When served as a, the meat of is known for its thickness and tough texture. In the UK, supermarkets began flying in fresh tuna steaks in the late 1990s, which helped to increase the popularity of using fresh tuna in cooking; by 2009, celebrity chefs regularly featured fresh tuna in salads, wraps, and char-grilled dishes. Fresh bluefin is considered a 'cultural institution in Japan and there is still an enormous demand for this delicacy' at restaurants.

Canned tuna on sale at a supermarkettuna was first produced in Australia in 1903, and quickly became popular. Tuna is canned in edible, in, in water, and in various sauces. Amanda Shapiro of recommends oil-packed tuna, as it 'seals in flavor and gives you some luxurious fat', and she favors olive oil-packed tuna.

Tuna may be processed and labeled as 'solid', 'chunked' ('chunk') or 'flaked'. When tuna is canned and packaged for sale, the product is sometimes called tuna fish (US), a (loan translation) from the.In the United States, 52% of canned tuna is used for; 22% for; and 15% for and dried, prepackaged, such as 's line. Other canned tuna dishes include (a type of sandwich where the tuna is mixed with mayonnaise and served on bread with cheese melted on top); (a salad made of tuna, olives, green beans, potatoes, hard-boiled eggs and anchovy dressing); and tuna burgers (served on buns).In some markets, depending upon the color of the flesh of the tuna species, the can is marked as 'light' or 'white' meat, with 'light' meaning a greyish pink color and 'white' meaning a light pink color.

In the United States, only can legally be sold in canned form as 'white meat tuna'; in other countries, is also acceptable. While in the early 1980s canned tuna in Australia was most likely, as of 2003 it was usually yellowfin, or (labelled 'northern bluefin' or 'longtail').As tunas are often caught far from where they are processed, poor interim conservation can lead to spoilage. Tuna is typically by hand, and later precooked for prescribed times of 45 minutes to three hours. The fish are then cleaned and, canned (and sealed), with the dark lateral blood meat often separately canned for ( or ). The sealed can is then heated under pressure (called ') for 2–4 hours. This process kills any bacteria, but retains the that, and so may still taste spoiled.

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The international standard sets the maximum histamine level at 200 milligrams per kilogram. An Australian study of 53 varieties of unflavored canned tuna found none to exceed the safe histamine level, although some had 'off' flavors.Australian standards once required cans of tuna to contain at least 51% tuna, but those regulations were dropped in 2003.

The remaining weight is usually oil or water. In the United States, the (FDA) regulates canned tuna (see part c).

Nutrition Tuna, light, canned in oil, drained solids Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)830 kJ (200 kcal). See also: andMercury content in tuna can vary widely.

America Edition Ethics In Reader Second Source Tuna Boat

Among those calling for improved warnings about mercury in tuna is the, which adopted a policy that physicians should help make their patients more aware of the potential risks. A study published in 2008 found that mercury distribution in the meat of farmed tuna is inversely related to the lipid content, suggesting that higher lipid concentration within edible tissues of tuna raised in captivity might, other factors remaining equal, have a diluting effect on mercury content. Due to their high position in the food chain and the subsequent of from their diet, levels can be high in larger species such as bluefin and bigeye. is one species of tuna that is lower in mercury concentration than skipjack or yellowfin, but this species is known as 'black meat' or 'dark meat' tuna, which is a lower grade for canning because of the color, unfavorable flavor, and poor yield.In March 2004, the United States issued guidelines recommending that pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children limit their intake of tuna and other predatory fish. The Environmental Protection Agency provides guidelines on how much canned tuna is safe to eat. Roughly speaking, the guidelines recommend one 6-ounce (170 g) can of light tuna per week for individuals weighing less than 110 pounds (50 kg), and two cans per week for those who weigh more.

In 2007 it was reported that some canned light tuna such as is significantly higher in mercury than skipjack, and caused and other activist groups to advise pregnant women to refrain from consuming canned tuna. In 2009, a California appeals court upheld a ruling that canned tuna does not need warning labels as the methylmercury is naturally occurring.A January 2008 report revealed potentially dangerous levels of in certain varieties of tuna, reporting levels 'so high that the Food and Drug Administration could take legal action to remove the fish from the market.' Management and conservation. Life cycleThe main tuna fishery management bodies are the, the, the, the, and the. The five gathered for the first time in, in January 2007. Environmental organizations made submissions on risks to fisheries and species.

The meeting concluded with an action plan drafted by some 60 countries or areas. Concrete steps include issuing certificates of origin to prevent illegal fishing and greater transparency in the setting of regional fishing quotas. The delegates were scheduled to meet at another joint meeting in January or February 2009 in Europe.In 2010, International added the, and to its seafood red list, which are fish 'commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries.'

Bluefin tuna have been widely accepted as being severely, with some stocks at risk of collapse. According to the (a global, nonprofit partnership between the tuna industry, scientists, and the ), Indian Ocean yellowfin tuna, Pacific Ocean (eastern and western), and North Atlantic tuna are all overfished. In April 2009, no stock of (which makes up roughly 60% of all tuna fished worldwide) was considered to be overfished.However, the documentary, which first aired in May 2009, stated that, should fishing in the Pacific continue at its current rate, populations of all tuna species could collapse within five years.

America Edition Ethics In Reader Second Source Tuna Free

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